Urban beautification campaigns are usually sold to local residents as a way to improve their daily lives. Design elements—from lighting systems to signs, benches, bollards, fountains, planters, and sometimes even surveillance equipment—are used to refurbish and embellish public spaces.
Designers refer to these elements as “urban furniture.” And the projects they’re used in are usually aimed at increasing social interaction, heightening safety, improving accessibility, and generally, making life in the city better.
Some research argues, however, that such beautification campaigns can result in public urban spaces becoming more exclusive. Despite the promises with which they are marketed, if these projects disregard what local people need, residents can feel less able, or willing, to make use of these spaces.
Cities aren’t only identified by their monuments or signature buildings. You can tell New York City and Palermo apart just by looking at what people are doing in public. A New York scene is more likely to feature someone on a skateboard eating a burrito, while a Palermo image might include a group of men watching a football match on television through a shop window.
Urban space is where city children learn and play, students read, and people work, walk, and relax. It is through these different activities that any single city’s urban culture is created.
Architects and designers carefully configure the built environment—the constructed fabric of our cities—and this has a lasting effect on how we use or inhabit them. In cities around the globe—from Algiers, Auckland, and Chicago to Hanoi, Mexico City, and Seoul—research shows that transforming public spaces markedly affects the diversity of what people do in them, and whether they use them at all.
In Algiers, the Algerian capital, neighborhoods were formally designed in the 1970s in a rigid modernist style. Design elements—shady trees, benches, and lights at night—made people feel comfortable carrying out activities like playing cards or gathering to chat; but huge buildings, wide streets, and large spaces also caused people to feel insecure and lost. Further, it was landscaped in the kind of homogenous way, characteristic of other big cities including Los Angeles, Auckland, and Sydney. These large-scale and non-contextual designs have also been linked to antisocial behavior.
Research conducted in the historic Alameda Central Park neighborhood of Mexico City highlight similar patterns of exclusion caused by how a neighborhood was redesigned. After the area was transformed in 2013, there was a notable decline in the diversity of the activities people undertook there (family and religious gatherings, street art, music, and informal vendors). Instead, the law now prioritizes touristic activity over local people’s everyday needs and allows the authorities to operate a zero-tolerance approach toward anything deemed disruptive. Vendors have become nomadic, packing up and hiding as soon as the police are nearby.
In the Cheonggyecheon-Euljiro area of Seoul, South Korea, meanwhile, redevelopment led to 50-year-old workshops being torn down. This, in turn, has threatened the historical and cultural values of the local population and disrupted social networks.
How cities are cocreated
In his 1968 book, The Right to the City, the French Marxist philosopher and sociologist Henri Lefebvre described the city as a cocreated space. This contrasts with the more capitalist definition in which urban space is a commodity to be bought and sold, Lefebvre saw it as a meeting place where citizens collectively built urban life.
This idea that public space is a public good that belongs to everybody has been increasingly challenged in recent years, with the rise of privately owned public space. Most of the parks in London (roughly 42 square kilometers, or 16 square miles, of green space) are owned by the City of London Corporation, the municipal body that governs the City of London; but, increasingly, squares within new developments are owned by corporations.
Urban theorists have long noted the connection between how a city is designed and how life is conducted within it. The U.S. scholar Jane Jacobs is famous for highlighting that cities fail when they’re not designed for everyone. And Danish architect Jan Gehl‘s output has consistently focused on what he termed the “life between buildings.”
As Gehl has explained, for a city to be good to its residents, those in charge of designing it have to be aware of how it is being used: what people are doing in its spaces. To be successful, urban designs have to be focused on and geared toward people’s daily lives. Gehl has explained that designing a city for pedestrians—at a walkable scale—is how you make it healthy, sustainable, lively, and attractive.
When we use public spaces, even if only on a short-term basis, we are effectively appropriating them: urban designers and architects talk about “temporary appropriation” to describe the individual or group activities with which we invest these spaces.
Research has highlighted how democratic this can be. But it is contingent on those spaces being designed in consort with residents. When a public space, by contrast, is overly designed without people’s needs being taken into account, it does not get used.
Since the 1970s, urban theorists have highlighted that we only make use of those public spaces where we feel represented. For urban design to work, paying heed to what local people actually think of their city is crucial.
Jose Antonio Lara-Hernandez is a senior researcher in architecture at the University of Portsmouth. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Recognize your brand’s excellence by applying to this year’s Brands That Matter Awards before the early-rate deadline, May 3.
