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* A throttle, which adjusts the thrust produced by the aircraft's
engines. The pilot uses the throttle to increase or decrease the speed
of the aircraft, and to adjust the aircraft's altitude (higher speeds
cause the aircraft to climb, lower speeds cause it to descend). In some
aircraft the throttle is a single lever that controls thrust; in
others, adjusting the throttle means adjusting a number of different
engine controls simultaneously. Aircraft with multiple engines usually
have individual throttle controls for each engine.
* Brakes, used to slow and stop the aircraft on the ground, and sometimes for turns on the ground.
Other possible controls include:
* Flap levers, which are used to control the position of flaps on the wings.
* Spoiler levers, which are used to control the position of
spoilers on the wings, and to arm their automatic deployment in
aircraft designed to deploy them upon landing.
* Trim controls, which usually take the form of knobs or wheels and are used to adjust pitch, roll, or yaw trim.
* A tiller, a small wheel or lever used to steer the aircraft on
the ground (in conjunction with or instead of the rudder pedals).
* A parking brake, used to prevent the aircraft from rolling when it is parked on the ground.
The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one
million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929.
However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of the that
period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing
as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on
May 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire killing 36 people. Although
there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have
seen only niche application since that time.
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The controls may allow full or partial automation of flight, such as an
autopilot, a wing leveler, or a flight management system. Pilots adjust
these controls to select a specific attitude or mode of flight, and
then the associated automation maintains that attitude or mode until
the pilot disables the automation or changes the settings. In general,
the larger and/or more complex the aircraft, the greater the amount of
automation available to pilots.
Control duplication
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There are also such minor aviation characters as wing-walkers who take part in aerobatic display sequences.
The term aviator (as opposed to "pilot" or other terms) was used
more in the early days of aviation, before anyone had ever seen an
airplane fly, and it had connotations of bravery and adventure. For
example, the editors at the Dayton Herald, in an article of December
18, 1903 described the Wright Brothers' first airplane thus: "The
weight, including the body of the aviator, is slightly over 700
pounds".
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ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under Instrument flight
rules (IFR), where they may be in weather conditions that do not allow
the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas,
especially near major airports, aircraft flying under Visual flight
rules (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.
In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide
weather advisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and
other services to pilots, depending on their workload.
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Until the 1970s, most major airlines were flag carriers, sponsored by
their governments and heavily protected from competition. Since then,
open skies agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice
for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The
combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises
such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the SARS epidemic have
driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or
mergers. At the same time, low-cost carriers such as Ryanair, Southwest
and Westjet have flourished.
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