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And then we come to H2O, and are shocked to find that many of these
predictions are way off, and that water (and by implication, life
itself) should not even exist on our planet! But we soon learn that this
tiny combination of three nuclei and ten electrons possesses special
properties that make it unique among the more than 15 million chemical
species we presently know. When we stop to ponder the consequences of
this, chemistry moves from being an arcane science to a voyage of wonder
and pleasure as we learn to relate the microscopic world of the atom to
the greater world in which we all live. A molecule is an aggregation of
atomic nuclei and electrons that is sufficiently stable to possess
observable properties— and there are few molecules that are more stable
and difficult to decompose than H2O. In water, each hydrogen nucleus is
bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared
between them; chemists call this shared electron pair a covalent
chemical bond. In H2O, only two of the six outer-shell electrons of
oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons which are
organized into two non-bonding pairs. The four electron pairs
surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other
as possible in order to minimize repulsions between these clouds of
negative charge. This would ordinarly result in a tetrahedral geometry
in which the angle between electron pairs (and therefore the H-O-H bond
angle) is 109.5°. However, because the two non-bonding pairs remain
closer to the oxygen atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the
two covalent bonding pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms
closer together. The result is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in
which the H—O—H angle is 104.5°.

Water is our most precious resource. The human body requires it each and
every day. Without good clean water our world and every human in it,
would perish. As more and more people populate our world and pollute our
lakes, rivers and streams our water supply is becoming dangerously
contaminated. City governments try their best to treat our water to make
it safe enough in which to shower and bathe. But is it safe enough to
actually drink? Many families are no longer taking that chance. Within
the last 8 to 10 years bottled water sales have skyrocketed, while Brita
and PUR water filters have become household names. What else can the
average American citizen do to safeguard themselves from tainted
water?There is an alternative. A way in which your family can have pure,
clean, wholesome water at a fraction of the cost of bottled water or
small faucet water filters.

Covenant Filtration Group
Services :The hydrogen bonds are represented by the dashed lines
in this 2-dimensional schematic diagram. In reality, the four bonds
from each O atom point toward the four corners of a tetrahedron centered
on the O atom. This basic assembly repeats itself in three dimensions
to build the ice crystal.

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Our ordinary drinking water, by contrast, is never chemically pure,
especially if it has been in contact with sediments. Groundwaters (from
springs or wells) always contain ions of calcium and magnesium, and
often iron and manganese as well; the positive charges of these ions are
balanced by the negative ions carbonate/bicarbonate, and occasionally
some chloride and sulfate. Groundwaters in some regions contain
unacceptably high concentrations of naturally-occuring toxic elements
such as selenium and arsenic.

* What is the source of the water - groundwater or surface water?
Groundwater is water found deep beneath the ground, such as huge
reservoirs, naturally formed deep in the earth's surface. Theoretically,
this water is cleaner since the ground acts as a natural filter.
Because of the natural soil filtration, groundwater is more likely to be
free of cryptosporidium than surface water. Surface water, that which
flows from rivers, lakes, streams, and reservoirs, is more likely to
pick up pollutants from the earth's surface.

* When was the last time your water was tested by the EPA?

* What were the results of the last EPA tests? Ask for a copy of
the most recent laboratory testing results. Utility companies are
required by law to provide consumers with information on contaminants in
water.

* Is chlorine the main disinfectant used?

* What other disinfectant procedures are employed besides
chlorination?

* Is fluoride added to the water?

Covenant Filtration :

Radioactive water. Another concern is the seepage of radioactive
material into ground and surface water. This problem is of particular
concern if you live near old radioactive dumping sites or downstream
from them. Theoretically, these potential toxins are monitored by EPA
testing.

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To get the most health, enjoyment, and safety out of your water, here
are some additional family water tips:

Covenant
Filtration Group Org
Our ordinary drinking water, by contrast, is never chemically pure,
especially if it has been in contact with sediments. Groundwaters (from
springs or wells) always contain ions of calcium and magnesium, and
often iron and manganese as well; the positive charges of these ions are
balanced by the negative ions carbonate/bicarbonate, and occasionally
some chloride and sulfate. Groundwaters in some regions contain
unacceptably high concentrations of naturally-occuring toxic elements
such as selenium and arsenic.

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